Definitions and Examples of Debates

Broadly defined, a debate is a discussion involving opposing claims:  an argument. The word comes from Old French, meaning to beat. Its also known (in classical rhetoric) as  contentio. More specifically, a debate is a regulated contest in which two opposing sides defend and attack a proposition. Parliamentary debate is an academic event held at many schools, colleges, and universities. Debate Examples and Observations In several senses, there is no correct way to debate. Standards, and even rules, differ between—and sometimes within—communities...There are at least eight distinct college debate organizations with their own rules and styles of debate. (Gary Alan Fine, Gifted Tongues: High School Debate and Adolescent Culture. Princeton University Press, 2001) Skilled political debaters will first present their overall theme in the introductory statement if the opportunity to make such a statement is allowed in the debate format being used. Then they will reinforce it with answers to as many specific questions as possible. Finally, they will return to it in their concluding statement.(Judith S. Trent and Robert Friedenberg, Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices, 6th ed. Rowman Littlefield, 2008) Argumentation and Debate Argumentation is the process whereby humans use reason to communicate claims to one another. . . .Argumentation is useful in activities like negotiation and conflict resolution because it can be used to help people find ways to resolve their differences. But in some of these situations, differences cannot be resolved internally and an outside adjudicator must be called. These are the situations that we call debate. Thus, according to this view, debate is defined as the process of arguing about claims in situations where the outcome must be decided by an adjudicator.​ (The Debatabase Book. International Debate Education Association, 2009) How to argue is something people are taught. You learn it by watching other people, at the breakfast table, or in school, or on TV, or, lately, online. It’s something you can get better at, with practice, or worse at, by imitating people who do it badly.  More formal debate follows established rules and standards of evidence. For centuries, learning how to argue was the centerpiece of a liberal-arts education. (Malcolm X studied that kind of debate while he was in prison. Once my feet got wet, he said, I was gone on debating.) Etymologically and historically, the artes liberales are the arts acquired by people who are free, or liber. Debating, like voting, is a way for people to disagree without hitting one another or going to war: it’s the key to every institution that makes civic life possible, from courts to legislatures. Without debate, there can be no self-government.​ (Jill Lepore, The State of Debate. The New Yorker, September 19, 2016) Evidence in Debates Debate teaches cutting-edge  research skills. Because the quality of an argument often depends on the strength of the supporting evidence, debaters quickly learn to find the best evidence. This means going beyond run-of-the-mill Internet sources to government hearings, law reviews, professional journal articles, and book-length treatments of subjects. Debaters learn how to evaluate study methodology and source credibility...Debaters also learn how to process massive amounts of data into usable argument briefs. Argument briefs bring together the strongest logical reasons and evidence supporting various positions. The ability to gather and organize evidence into logical units is a skill that is treasured by business makers, government policy-makers, legal practitioners, scientists, and educators.​ (Richard E. Edwards, Competitive Debate: The Official Guide. Alpha Books, 2008) U.S. Presidential Debates American doesnt really have presidential debates. Instead, we have joint appearances where candidates recite talking points in settings so carefully controlled by party apparatchiks that the only real wrangling is over the height of the lecterns and the temperature of the drinking water. As with so many other aspects of the political process, debates that should be enlightening, perhaps even transformational, are instead stage-managed to satisfy the demands of power brokers with money and connections rather than the needs of democracy.​ (John Nichols, Open the Debates! The Nation, September 17, 2012)Thats what were missing. Were missing argument. Were missing debate. Were missing colloquy. Were missing all sorts of things. Instead, were accepting.​ (Studs Terkel) Women and Debates Following Oberlin Colleges admission of women in 1835, they were grudgingly permitted to have  rhetorical preparation in elocution, composition, criticism, and argument. Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown helped to organize the first womens debating society there, for women were banned from public speaking in their rhetoric classroom because of its mixed audience status.​ (Beth Waggenspack, Women Emerge as Speakers: Nineteenth-Century Transformations of Womens Role in the Public Area. The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed., by James L. Golden et al. Kendall/Hunt, 2003) Online Debates Debate is a maneuver where learners are divided onto opposing sides, generally as teams, to discuss a contentious issue. Learners are afforded the opportunity to improve their analytic and communication skills by formulating ideas, defending positions, and critiquing counter positions. Historically, a debate is a structured activity; however, online media permit a wider range of designs for online debates, from an inflexibly structured exercise to a process with minimal structure. When an online debate is more rigid, step-by-step instructions are provided for debate and defense, as in a formal face-to-face debate. When online debate is designed with less structure, it operates as an online discussion concerning a controversial issue.​ (Chih-Hsiung Tu, Online Collaborative Learning Communities. Libraries Unlimited, 2004) The Lighter Side of Debates Ms. Dubinsky: Wed like you to join our debate team.Lisa Simpson: We have a debate team?Ms. Dubinsky: Its the only extracurricular activity that doesnt require any equipment.Principal Skinner: Because of budget cuts, we had to improvise. Ralph Wiggum will be your lectern.​ (To Surveil, with Love, The Simpsons, 2010)

Organizational Behavior and Sexual Harassment. - 2195 Words

[pic] MANAGEMENT CENTRE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA Research paper Westminster International College KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 05 October 2009 Group Members: Muhamed Abdilahi Osman G0915067 Ernad Helic G0918235 Nurhida Septarina Harahap G0819260 Mohamed Ibrahim Hassan G0196859 Wesam Saeed Hasab Alah G0917355 Introduction: |Westminster International College is a division of the London School of Commerce (UK) Group of Colleges. Westminster International College | | |(WIC) is located in Subang Jaya, Selangor, the†¦show more content†¦Methods: âž ¢ Interview: we interview the CEO of the college âž ¢ Observation: observed the day to day and over all conduct of employees Discussion and analysis: Planning for the future is never an easy task for anyone least for a well-established one as there are huge amounts of uncertainties and fast changes taking place in the global business environment, one would certainly be at best, to be as prepared as much as they could and of course, the utilization of strategic management can aid their own unique predicament, however, this is not to say that it would be a ‘stop-gap measure’ to curtain the unenviable circumstances but at least gives some form of direction and purpose. 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Chronic Kidney Disease free essay sample

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The cause or reason of CKD is that over the time you age, you get high blood pressure, diabetes, or a kidney problem you were born with. The symptoms of this disease are unnoticeable until later stages. Normally if you had chronic kidney disease you might feel generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. There are several types of tests done for CKD. There is a test to take precautions; to check if you even have the disease. That test is either the urine tests, or the blood test that is named eGFR, which means estimated glomerular filtration rate. Another test that is done, it’s when you have CKD, which is an ultrasound of the kidney or also known as a renal ultrasound. It helps estimate how long you may have had chronic kidney disease; it also checks whether urine flow from the kidneys is blocked, and also may help find causes of kidney disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Chronic Kidney Disease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The treatments for chronic kidney disease are varied. Whether you should start dialysis right away or have a kidney transplant. Usually chronic kidney diseases patients do not start dialysis until stage five. There are five stages of the disease. Stage one is renal insufficiency, stage two is mild reduction in GFR, stage three is moderate reduction in GFR, stage four is severe reduction in GFR, and stage five is kidney failure. During stage one to two the doctor does not recommend anything until stage three to four. Around stage three and four the doctor will recommend you to a nephrologist and in some hospitals there is a program called Thrive, for patients who are around that stage. After if you reach stage five then you are needed to have a kidney transplant or straight to dialysis. Once in a blue moon a patient can regain their kidney function within six months on dialysis. I was very interested in this disease. I think there is a lot of researching for this disease. I would love to know more about this disease. The CKD is something that everyone should be precautious about. I learned that if you suffer from high blood pressure or family history diabetes, you can get CKD. Thanks for my research on this that I have ways to take care of myself and prevent having CKD.

Underage Smoking Essays - Smoking, Tobacco Control, Habits

Underage Smoking In today's world there are many moral issues that take place in society as well as in the business world. On Friday, February 4, 2000, the Washington Post printed an article titled "Underage Smoking Fine Sought for Big Tobacco." Currently and in the past, the tobacco industry has fought many moral issues with the Federal Government and the general public. This particular article written by Charles Babington has two problems, which are, the federal government's threat to increase taxes and fines on the tobacco industry and the industries practice in their advertising which is targeting underage smokers. The first problem the article states is that the Federal Government is threatening to raise taxes on cigarettes and issue fines for any underage smoking. Fining underage smoking could be a possible ploy for the government to raise taxes on all tobacco products. By issuing a $3,000 fine for every underage smoker, the government would generate as much as 6 billion dollars a year. In addition to the fines, President Clinton may also propose to put a 25-cent-per-pack increase in the Federal tax on cigarettes. The moral aspect of this problem is that the federal government is receiving billions off of raising taxes on tobacco products and fines for underage smoking. This money is absorbed into the government and redistributed into society towards other social issues. The excess money the government collects on higher tobacco taxes and fines issued to for underage smoking should be used to educate the general public on how the tobacco companies are providing a dangerous product and can be extremely harmful to the human body. The government also needs to provide a program to help prevent underage smoking in the future. Another problem that was stated in the article was that the tobacco industry was targeting new underage smokers. The underage smokers were targeted through the advertisements on radio programs, television commercials, and social events that young people attend. The advertisements of cigarettes on TV and radio commercials stopped over 20 years ago and at that time the underage smoking did not stop. It is stated that in November 1998, the tobacco industry agreed once again to set restrictions on how cigarettes may be sold and marketed, barring companies from targeting youth in advertising and using cartoons in promotions (Babington, A07). The cigarettes companies were also prohibited from sponsoring sports teams, stadiums, or events such as NASCAR in which participants are underage. Accompanying this problem is the moral issue that banning advertisements on the radio and TV is not enough to prevent underage smoking. The industry needs to reveal in their advertisements the negative a spect of tobacco products. As stated in "Moral Issues in Business," "When advertisers conceal facts, they suppress information that is unflattering to their products. That is, they neglect to mention or distract consumers' attention away from information, knowledge of which would probably make their products less desirable." (Shaw, Barry 474). Every advertiser wants their advertisement to be very attractive to the consumer. Until underage smoking is controlled, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) needs to continue to regulate the sales of cigarettes more carefully because 90 percent of all smokers get hooked before the age of 21. The FDA's main focus is to discourage young people from taking up cigarettes in the first place (Shaw, Barry 460). After analyzing this particular article, I found moral issues that need to be addressed and resolved. My moral values are from a solid foundation involving religion and social customs. It is against the Catholic religion to subject a human body to any harm, especially harm that would result in death. It is proven by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smoking remains the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States and is responsible for 16% of all deaths nationwide (Shaw, Barry 460). Social customs are that the youth should not be using an adult product. Since there is an age limit on the purchase of cigarettes, any minor violating this rule is committing a crime. If adults don't enforce the law for underage smoking, they are also guilty of committing a crime. My moral view of raising taxes and issuing fines on tobacco products